Tuesday, May 24, 2022

When to use the basic form ("perusmuoto") of words in Finnish

The "partitive" form takes precedent above both genitive and basic form, meaning that if there is some reason to use partitive (for example the verb demands it, the sentence is negative, ... etc.) it is automatically used above these other forms. Next in line is usually genitive form (or one of the many other forms needed in different contexts!), which often leaves a Finnish learner wondering when (if ever!) does one use the basic form of words.

Here are some main examples:

1. Minulla on - "I have"

"I have" form in Finnish, doesn't demand partitive automatically, so if you want to say you have "one whole thing" - the basic form is used:

Minulla on auto. = I have a car.

But note, as soon as the sentence is negative - partitive is needed:

Minulla ei ole autoa. = I don't have a car.

2. Passive form

Any passive form (where we don't know who is doing the action) will use the basic form of the word, unless there is a good reason to use partitive, for example:

Koulussa luetaan kirja. = In school a book is read.

Note the difference for a sentence where we know who is doing the action:

Hän luki kirjan. = He read the book. (Now we need genitive to indicate he read the whole book).

And note that partitive is used when it's a negative sentence:

Kokouksessa ei tehty päätöstä. = A decision was not made in the meeting.

3. Imperative form


For the imperative form, where you are commanding someone to do something (go! do! stop!), the basic form is used:

Tee se! = Do it!

But again as soon as the sentence is negative we are back to using partitive:

Älä tee sitä! = Don't do it!

4. Onko mahdollista... [+ verb]

This last example is one I have noticed many times, but do not know the name of it as a "grammatical rule". Basically when you have the form "onko mahdollista" combined with a verb - you need to use basic form (NOT GENTITIVE):

Onko mahdollista saada se tänään? = Is it possible to get it today?

And if I am not mistaken this same rule applies for the "minun oli tarkoitus" form:

Minun oli tarkoitus kirjoittaa teksti äitiyden yhteiskunnallisesta merkityksestä tänään. = I had planned to write a text about the societal significance of motherhood today.

Final notes:

-Don't forget partitive always takes precedent: if there is a reason to use partitive it must be used even in the above cases. For example if you have "some" items:

Minulla on kirjoja. = I have some books.

Or if you are working with a partitive verb (example "odottaa" = to wait)

Odotetaan sitä. = Let's wait for it.

I hope this made some sense and ask me if you have questions!

Monday, May 23, 2022

Common Errors in Finnish (as an English speaker) #2

Here a few errors I’ve noticed people (MOSLTY MYSELF) make when writing in Finnish as a result of translating directly from English:

1) Misusing “it”/”se”

It is Monday.
Not: Se on maanantai. 
Correct: On maanantai.
 
It is cold today.
Correct: Tänään on kylmä. 
Not: Se on kylmä tänään. 

2) Omitting “että”, “kun”, etc.

I want you to tell me the truth.
Correct: Minä haluan, että sinä kerrot minulle totuuden. 
Not: Minä haluan sinä kerrot minulle totuuden. 

It was the first time I visited Finland.
Correct: Se oli ensimmäinen kerta, kun minä kävin Suomessa.
Not correct: Se oli ensimmäinen kerta minä kävin Suomessa.

3) Confusion between kerta and aika

I visited Australia for the first time last year.
Correct: Minä kävin Australiassa ensimmäisen kerran viime vuonna. 
Not: Minä kävin Australiassa ensimmäisen ajan viime vuonna. 

Plus then just literally any time I try to use partitive, and so many other. Feel free to add some. 


 

Common Errors in Finnish (as an English speaker)

I found this exercise in Suomen Mestari 3, and thought it was a good overview of a lot of common mistakes in Finnish - if the person is an English speaker.  

Incorrect:

Se on hauskaa, että Suomessa ovat monta eri talviurheilulajit, jotka sinä voit harrastaa. Talvella on niin pimeää, että sinusta tulee hulluksi, jos sinä istut vain sisällä koko ajan. Minä pidän esimerkiksi hiihtää ja luistella. Käyn usein hiihtämään, mutta olen päättynyt, että minun tarvitsee aloittaa vielä jonkin uuden talviurheiluharrastuksen. 

Corrected:

(1) On hauskaa, että Suomessa (2) on (3) monta eri talviurheilulajia, (4) joita (5) voi harrastaa. Talvella on niin pimeää, että (6) tulee hulluksi, jos (7) istuu vain sisällä koko ajan. (8) Minä pidän esimerkiksi hiihtämisestä ja luistelemisesta. (9) Käyn usein hiihtämässä, mutta olen päättynyt, että (10) minun täytyy aloittaa vielä (11) jokin uusi talviurheiluharrastus. 

Reasons:

(1) On hauskaa, että (Se on hauskaa, että…) - because “se” is not used to describe when something is generally a certain way. It is only needed when you are referring to something specific. 

(2) ovat monta… ->  on monta… “monta asiaa” works as a singular, not a plural  

(3) monta + partitive (also “monta eri talviurheilulajeja” is correct)

(4) jotka -> joita - harrastaa + partitive (eli: harrastaa joita urheilulajia)

(5) voit harrastaa -> voi harrastaa - because the passive voice does not use “sinä”

(6) sinusta tulee hulluksi - for the same reason as the above case, don’t use “sinä” (or any case of you) in passive

(7) jos istut -> jos istuu - same as above

(8) pitää  + sta/stä - to like (something)

(9) käydä + ssa/ssä - käydä hiihtämässä - to go skiing 

(10) minun tarvitsee täytyy - tarvitse is used in the negative, “minun ei tarvitse” 

(11) jonkin uuden harrastuksen -> jokin uusi harrastus - because the sentence is necessive (i.e. uses täytyy) so the noun is the basic form (not the genitive)

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